Suchergebnisse

The article analyzes the influence of political technologies on the political consciousness of citizens during the Presidential elections of Ukraine in 2019. Today, political technologies are precisely the tool that can be used to ensure political stability or to shake and unbalance the political system of society. Therefore, a detailed study of political technologies, which are constantly improving, requires further scientific development. The object of influence of political technologies is people, namely their political consciousness. Political competition, power struggle during the election period, and the formation of state authorities at all hierarchical levels after the election determine the importance of political technologies. The elections in Ukraine in 2019 have become unique precisely because there are many people in the political environment who are far from politics and because most of the «old» politicians have lost support. Another feature of the elections in 2019 is the emergence of new channels of communication with voters: social media such as Instagram, Facebook, Telegram became an effective tool in the fight for support and votes. In the field of politics, information in general and the Internet in particular play such an important role that every political actor today tries to organize their own information flow in the network to influence political consciousness and public opinion more effectively, form a desired image that is in demand in society, or achieve other political goals. ; У статті проаналізовано вплив політичних технологій на політичну свідомість громадян під час виборів Президента України 2019 р. Сьогодні політичні технології є саме тим інструментом, із допомогою якого можна забезпечити політичну стабільність або розхитати, вивести з рівноваги політичну систему суспільства. Тому детальне дослідження політичних технологій, які постійно вдосконалюються, потребує подальших наукових розробок. Об'єктом впливу політичних технологій є люди, а саме їхня політична свідомість. Політична конкуренція, боротьба за владу у виборчий період та формування органів державної влади на всіх ієрархічних щаблях після виборів визначає важливість політичних технологій. Вибори в Україні у 2019 р. стали унікальними саме тому, що в політичному середовищі з'явилося багато людей, які далекі від політики, та тим, що значна частина «старих» політиків втратила підтримку. Ще однією особливістю виборів 2019 р. є поява нових каналів комунікації з виборцями: такі соціальні мережі, як Instagram, Facebook, Telegram стали реально дієвим інструментом боротьби за підтримку й голоси виборців. У сфері політики інформація в цілому та Інтернет зокрема відіграють настільки важливу роль, що кожен політичний актор сьогодні намагається організувати власний інформаційний потік у мережі для більш ефективного впливу на політичну свідомість та громадську думку, сформувати бажаний, затребуваний у суспільстві образ або досягати інших політичних цілей.

The dynamic development of various information technologies, the formation of a single information space, the spread of modern high-tech tools that provide constant access to communication channels attracts the attention of scientists today to political communication and its impact on the political consciousness and political behavior of citizens. The diverse information that a person receives through numerous political communication channels contributes to the formation of stereotypes, simplifying the representation through the imposition of stamps, attributing to other people, groups, phenomena certain qualities, images that this being or group in our imagination and consciousness possesses, but which they may not possess or do not possess in the real environment. Consideration of stereotypes is associated with the study of the phenomenon of stereotyping as a process of reducing concepts to stereotypes. Stereotyping in modern socio-political conditions is advisable to study through the political stereotype as a component of political consciousness and political culture. In order to understand the mechanisms of political stereotype formation, it is necessary to consider logical, cognitive and associative thinking. Stereotyping is successful when there is a continuous cognitive genesis of the audience, the process of accumulation in the mass consciousness of appropriately organized information, as well as the accumulation of necessary social attitudes. Cognitive genesis leads to the assimilation of both the content elements and the necessary logical and linguistic operations with these elements. The most important of the mechanisms of political stereotype formation is the mechanism of causal attribution – the attribution to objects of properties that they do not have due to causal deficit – lack of reliable information. Political messages – elements of political communication – play an important role in the deficit or vice versa excess of information. Circulating in the communication system, the message is formed in the minds of citizens simplified representations, which eventually transform into stereotypes. Thus, the political stereotype becomes a tool of manipulation in the process of political communication. The communication environment accustoms a person to the existence of an abstract "other", against which a template is built, saturated with verbal images – a new environment for the formation of political stereotypes as the simplest way to influence the political consciousness of the citizen.
Keywords: political stereotype, political communication, communication channels, information, stereotyping.

The article is dedicated to consideration of stereotypes, their structure and basic mechanisms as a component of political consciousness, determination of the process of stereotyping by H. Tajfel and expression of political stereotypes in social and political practice. Key words: political consciousness, political culture, stereotype, political stereotype, stereotyping, generalization, propaganda. ; В статті розглядаються політична свідомість і стереотипи як один з її елементів, структура й основні механізми формування стереотипів, процес стереотипізації за Г. Тедшфелом, вияв політичних стереотипів у суспільно-політичній практиці. Ключові слова: політична свідомість, політична культура, стереотип, політичний стереотип, стереотипізація, генералізація, пропаганда.

Decentralization tends to expand the local self-government, it activates the population to meet their own needs and interests, and it narrows the sphere of state influence on society.Each country has its own history of establishing the principles of building and developing specific self-governing bodies, their interaction with central authorities, and enshrines them in constitutions and relevant laws on local self-government. Poland actively launched administrative reform in relation to the functioning of the institute of local self-government after the fall of the communist regime, which resulted in a decentralized system of governance. Territorial self-government bodies can directly cooperate with the central government and, accordingly, influence it in the interests of society. In parallel with the implementation of the Decentralization Reform in 1997, the Constitutional Reform of local self-government also took place. The reform of Hungary's local self-government system lasted from 1990 to 2011, and de- spite significant success, it still cannot be called complete.The main principle of this reform is that local governments should solve exclusively local issues and provide services of local significance, while other issues should be resolved only under the supervision of the central government. This does not quite correspond to the principle of decentralization of government bodies. In Ukraine, drastic changes in the system of local self-government began in 2014 with the change of government and the adoption by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of the Concept of reforming local self-government. The process of decentralization of power in Ukraine is multidimensional and covers the reorganization of the administrative-territorial structure of the state, changes in the system of public authorities, the distribution of functions and powers between them. On this path, it is important to rely not only on our own experience and traditions, but also to analyze decentralization reforms and regulations on the activities of local self-government bodies in neighboring countries and adapt to our realities what is already effective and mentally close to us. Keywords: decentralization, administrative and territorial reform, institute of local self-government, territorial communities.